# Integrated Capacitors

Capacitors are important in realizing most circuits.

A capacitor stores energy in an electric field between two “plates”. The basic equation for a capacitor is $C=\epsilon\frac{A}{d}$. As with most integrated devices, there are trade-offs between the desired aspects of the device and the undesired elements. Many different kinds of capacitors are available that make different trade-offs. The important properties we want in capacitors are:

1. Cost
2. Capacitor density: capacitance per unit area
3. parasitic capacitance: capacitance to other nodes besides the two plates we are interested in
4. parasitic resistance
5. parasitic inductance
6. leakage: appears as a parallel resistor
7. Breakdown voltage

## Metal-Oxide-Metal (MOM) Capacitors

MOM capacitors are the most straight forward capacitors available in an integrated circuit process. They are especially useful in advanced digital optimized CMOS processes with many layers of interconnects. Several geometries can be used (from lowest to highest density): parallel plate, interdigitated (with or without via stack), rotative, and fractal. Vertical bars or vertical parallel plates usually give the best capacitance density, with slightly different trade-offs for C vs Q ($= \frac{1}{\omega RC}$).

MOM capacitors can be inexpensive for small values: no extra masks are required. But the low density makes large capacitors quite expensive in silicon area. Modern processes actively try to reduce interconnect parasitics using low-K dielectrics, so cap density trend is probably going lower. Some low-K dielectrics can have low breakdown voltages. The parasitic inductance and resistance will depend on the geometry.

Pros: no extra masks, or process options needed, good linearity

Cons: moderate bottom plate parasitic, low density, high series inductance and resistance, possibly low breakdown voltage,

## MIM Capacitors

MIM capacitors are formed by sandwiching a thin dielectric between two metal layers. Typically the dielectric thickness is much smaller than IMD thickness. This requires more masks for the top electrode as well as the dielectric.

Pros: lower bottom plate parasitic, high density, good linearity, low

Cons: extra mask cost (offset by potentially lower area)

## MOSCAP

Every MOSFET has a capacitor at it’s heart. All one needs to do is connect the source and drain together to make bottom plate and the gate serves as top plate. This capacitor is available in every process, but suffers from a severe limitation: It’s highly non-linear as the effective gate thickness is dependent on the bias applied. The applied gate voltage can change the concentration of carriers (holes or electrons) in the channel. At some voltage, the channel can be depleted of all carriers and the capacitance reaches a minimum. Voltages higher or lower will collect carriers in the channel and create a capacitor of reasonable value.

## Enhanced MOSCAP on highly-doped diffusion

The obvious way to improve the MOSCAP linearity is to make sure the channel cannot be depleted. This improves the linearity a lot, to about 2-5% total variation. It is usually done with NMOS device because it is naturally in accumulation mode. Adding an extra implant pushes it further into accumulation. One extra mask can help achieve a better trade-off of density and cost.

## Summary

Depending on the process available, the density, cost and linearity requirements, one can use one or more of MOM, MIM, MOSCAP, or enhanced MOSCAP. MOM is cheap, lowest density, and most linear. MIM cap is the most expensive, good density, and very linear. MOSCAP is cheapest, high density, and very non-linear. Enhanced MOSCAP is cheap, high-density, and somewhat linear.